GW PSC Workshop · October 6, 2026
CS 101 for Political Scientists
Alperen Keles
Today
- What happens when you render a
.qmd/.rmdinto a PDF? - How do you coordinate edits and maintain long-term projects?
- Pitfalls and leverage points of using AI in research
Representation
Computer science is about representation and expressivity
| Base | Representation |
|---|---|
| 10 (decimal) | 1776 |
| 2 (binary) | 11011110000 |
| 8 (octal) | 3360 |
| 16 (hexadecimal) | 6F0 |
From numbers to letters: ASCII
Agree on a table: every character gets a number.
| Character | Decimal | Hex | Binary |
|---|---|---|---|
V | 86 | 56 | 01010110 |
O | 79 | 4F | 01001111 |
T | 84 | 54 | 01010100 |
E | 69 | 45 | 01000101 |
Unicode & UTF-8
| Character | Code point | UTF-8 bytes |
|---|---|---|
A | U+0041 | 41 |
ç | U+00E7 | C3 A7 |
ş | U+015F | C5 9F |
中 | U+4E2D | E4 B8 AD |
| 🗳️ | U+1F5F3 | F0 9F 97 B3 |
150,000+ characters, 1–4 bytes each. Plain ASCII text is already valid UTF-8.
One document, many representations
Timing and Turnout in Off-Cycle Governor Elections
1 Introduction
Five American states elect their governors in odd-numbered years. We ask whether this timing changes who shows up.
Off-cycle elections lower turnout (Anzia 2011).
turnout.csv: state-level governor electionssurvey.dta: a Stata survey
Markdown
---
title: "Timing and Turnout in Off-Cycle Governor Elections"
author: "CS 101 for Political Scientists"
---
# Introduction
Five American states elect their governors in
odd-numbered years. We ask whether this *timing*
changes **who shows up**.
Off-cycle elections lower turnout [@anzia2011election].
- `turnout.csv`: state-level governor elections
- `survey.dta`: a Stata survey
HTML
LaTeX
\title{Timing and Turnout in Off-Cycle Governor Elections}
\author{CS 101 for Political Scientists}
\begin{document}
\maketitle
\section{Introduction}
Five American states elect their governors in
odd-numbered years. We ask whether this \emph{timing}
changes \textbf{who shows up}.
Off-cycle elections lower turnout \citep{anzia2011election}.
\begin{itemize}
\item \texttt{turnout.csv}: state-level governor elections
\item \texttt{survey.dta}: a Stata survey
\end{itemize}
Part 1
From .qmd to PDF
Editing in a WYSIWYG editor
Editing in LaTeX
Textual vs. Binary Formats
Textual
Binary
turnout-paper/data/turnout.csv
"abbr","year","turnout_pct" "VA",2015,30.6 "VA",2019,38.8 "VA",2023,33 "NJ",2015,42.5 "NJ",2019,24.8 "NJ",2023,28.9 "KY",2015,39.6 "KY",2019,44.8 "KY",2023,41.6
- The first line is the header: column names.
- Every other line is one row (here: one election).
- , separates the columns. That's the whole format.
turnout-paper/data/states.tsv
state abbr region gov_timing Virginia VA South off-cycle New Jersey NJ Northeast off-cycle Kentucky KY South off-cycle Louisiana LA South off-cycle Mississippi MS South off-cycle Ohio OH Midwest on-cycle Pennsylvania PA Northeast on-cycle Georgia GA South on-cycle
- Same idea as CSV, but columns are separated by an invisible tab character (shown here as ⇥).
- Handy when values themselves contain commas.
turnout-paper/notes.txt
TODO - ask advisor whether to add 2025 VA/NJ races - the turnout numbers in data/ are SIMULATED for teaching, swap in real data later - coauthor uses Stata -> analysis/models.do mirrors analysis/clean.R
- No structure at all: just characters and line breaks.
- Any program can read it, which is exactly why it lasts.
turnout-paper/paper.rmd
--- title: "Timing and Turnout in Off-Cycle Governor Elections" author: "CS 101 for Political Scientists (demo paper)" date: "October 6, 2026" bibliography: references.bib biblio-style: plainnat header-includes: - \usepackage{booktabs} - \usepackage{multicol} output: pdf_document: citation_package: natbib --- ```{r setup, include=FALSE} knitr::opts_chunk$set(echo = FALSE, message = FALSE, warning = FALSE, dpi = 200) source("analysis/clean.R") ``` # Introduction Five American states elect their governors in odd-numbered years, away from federal elections. We ask whether this *timing* changes **who shows up to vote**. Political scientists have long argued that off-cycle elections lower turnout and hand more influence to organized groups [@anzia2011election; @anzia2014timing]. When citizens are unhappy with their government they can exit or they can use their voice [@hirschman1970exit], and voting is the most common form of voice.^[All data in this paper are simulated for teaching purposes.]
- YAML header between
---lines: title, author, output settings. - R chunks in
```{r}fences; knitr runs them. - Everything else is Markdown, with [@citations].
the same paper written for Quarto (illustrative)
--- title: "Timing and Turnout in Off-Cycle Governor Elections" format: pdf bibliography: references.bib --- ```{r} #| label: setup #| include: false source("analysis/clean.R") ``` # Introduction Five American states elect their governors in odd-numbered years, away from federal elections. We ask whether this *timing* changes **who shows up to vote**.
- Quarto is R Markdown's successor: same three parts (YAML, chunks, Markdown).
- Chunk options move inside the chunk as #| comments.
format: pdfinstead ofoutput: pdf_document.
turnout-paper/build/2-paper.tex (generated by pandoc)
% Options for packages loaded elsewhere \PassOptionsToPackage{unicode}{hyperref} \PassOptionsToPackage{hyphens}{url} % \documentclass[ ]{article} … \begin{document} \maketitle \hypertarget{introduction}{% \section{Introduction}\label{introduction}} Five American states elect their governors in odd-numbered years, away from federal elections. We ask whether this \emph{timing} changes \textbf{who shows up to vote}. Political scientists have long argued that off-cycle elections lower turnout and hand more influence to organized groups
- Preamble (before
\begin{document}): document class and packages. - Body: text plus \commands like
\section{…}and\emph{…}. \begin{x} … \end{x}environments nest, like boxes in boxes.
turnout-paper/references.bib
@book{hirschman1970exit, title = {Exit, Voice, and Loyalty: Responses to Decline in Firms, Organizations, and States}, author = {Hirschman, Albert O.}, year = {1970}, publisher = {Harvard University Press}, address = {Cambridge, MA} } @book{anzia2014timing, title = {Timing and Turnout: How Off-Cycle Elections Favor Organized Groups}, author = {Anzia, Sarah F.}, year = {2014}, publisher = {University of Chicago Press}, address = {Chicago} }
- One entry per source: @type{key, then field = {value}.
- You cite by key:
[@hirschman1970exit]or\citep{hirschman1970exit}. - Zotero, Mendeley and Google Scholar all export it.
turnout-paper/analysis/clean.R
# Reads the three datasets and builds the objects paper.rmd uses. # Paths are relative to the project folder (where paper.rmd lives). library(dplyr) states <- read.delim("data/states.tsv") # tab separated turnout <- read.csv("data/turnout.csv") # comma separated survey <- haven::read_dta("data/survey.dta") # Stata, binary elections <- turnout |> left_join(states, by = "abbr") |> mutate(off_cycle = gov_timing == "off-cycle") by_timing <- elections |> group_by(gov_timing) |> summarise(states = n_distinct(abbr),
- A program: statements run top to bottom.
- <- stores a result in a name; # comments are for humans.
turnout-paper/analysis/models.do
* The same comparison as analysis/clean.R, for a coauthor who uses Stata. * Run from the turnout-paper folder: do analysis/models.do import delimited "data/states.tsv", delimiter(tab) clear tempfile states save `states' import delimited "data/turnout.csv", clear merge m:1 abbr using `states', nogenerate generate off_cycle = gov_timing == "off-cycle" encode region, generate(region_code) tabstat turnout_pct, by(gov_timing) statistics(mean sd n) regress turnout_pct off_cycle i.region_code
- Also a program: one Stata command per line.
- The same analysis as
clean.R, so a Stata-using coauthor can run it.
turnout-paper/build/paper.html (generated by pandoc)
<body> <header id="title-block-header"> <h1 class="title">Timing and Turnout in Off-Cycle Governor Elections</h1> <p class="author">CS 101 for Political Scientists (demo paper)</p> <p class="date">October 6, 2026</p> </header> <h1 id="introduction">Introduction</h1> <p>Five American states elect their governors in odd-numbered years, away from federal elections. We ask whether this <em>timing</em> changes <strong>who shows up to vote</strong>.</p> <p>Political scientists have long argued that off-cycle elections lower turnout and hand more influence to organized groups <span class="citation" data-cites="anzia2011election anzia2014timing">(Anzia 2011, 2014)</span>. When citizens are unhappy with their government they can exit or they can use their voice <span class="citation"
- <tags> wrap content:
<h1>…</h1>,<p>…</p>. - Same paper, same Markdown source as the PDF, different output.
turnout-paper/data/survey.dta
Opened in a text editor
<stata_dta><header><release>118</release><byteorder>LSF</byteorder><K>��</K><N>,�������</N><label>��</label><timestamp>�03 Oct 2026 15:39</timestamp></header><map>������������������������D�����������������������/���������������C�������f��������#�������#������R%������^%������</map><variable_types>����������</variable_types><varnames>resp_id��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������abbr���������������������������������
Inside (hex dump of the first bytes)
00000000: 3c73 7461 7461 5f64 7461 3e3c 6865 6164 <stata_dta><head 00000010: 6572 3e3c 7265 6c65 6173 653e 3131 383c er><release>118< 00000020: 2f72 656c 6561 7365 3e3c 6279 7465 6f72 /release><byteor 00000030: 6465 723e 4c53 463c 2f62 7974 656f 7264 der>LSF</byteord 00000040: 6572 3e3c 4b3e 0500 3c2f 4b3e 3c4e 3e2c er><K>..</K><N>, 00000050: 0100 0000 0000 003c 2f4e 3e3c 6c61 6265 .......</N><labe 00000060: 6c3e 0000 3c2f 6c61 6265 6c3e 3c74 696d l>..</label><tim 00000070: 6573 7461 6d70 3e11 3033 204f 6374 2032 estamp>.03 Oct 2 00000080: 3032 3620 3135 3a33 393c 2f74 696d 6573 026 15:39</times 00000090: 7461 6d70 3e3c 2f68 6561 6465 723e 3c6d tamp></header><m
- Starts with readable tags:
<stata_dta><header><release>118… - …then numbers stored as raw bytes, not digits, so a text editor shows garbage.
- You need Stata, R's
havenor Python'spandasto read it.
turnout-paper/build/3-paper.pdf
Opened in a text editor
%PDF-1.5 %���� 13 0 obj << /Length 1609 /Filter /FlateDecode >> stream xڥWKs�6���W�H�D���sK�j;��Þ��Ɂ�`�S�tIʮ�����ɔ̤�v<c���b��.x��x������W�/�+���Iatvu��cXaLf�a����:�ί�n7���2��5-��E����ۏD�[����Wj��q��D��-����?��~����L�Ǭ��R V G�����Xw��X�Z�6V�#�jK'��6[*͜-�ěK������(�[ȏ�����v�X����.W�o�y��q �'n��7�����"�[,�����Q��J��KY2e,]��j�n�X��$��$CriI�[dB3�-�/�`��0�1��G9?��%�� �|���'�UV��J���8���'2��+�˴u���[�A���`�'%^7���!$�e���ò�>}p3�[_�D� L.'!!L�q�IF��]��у�&0�$O�5�>��U?$WT��aA+��(���
Inside (beginning and end of the file)
%PDF-1.5 %ÐÔÅØ 13 0 obj << /Length 1609 /Filter /FlateDecode >> stream [1,609 bytes of compressed page content] … endstream endobj startxref 278615 %%EOF
- A list of numbered objects; page content is compressed (
/FlateDecode). startxrefpoints to an exact byte offset, so editing one character by hand breaks the file.- Made for presentation: it stores where each glyph goes, not what is a heading.
turnout-paper/draft-from-advisor.docx
Opened in a text editor
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B�i7�Rw���X�g&��Q�B�=�!���]tInside (it's a ZIP of XML files)
1829 [Content_Types].xml 722 _rels/.rels 2193 word/document.xml 1203 word/_rels/document.xml.rels 124 word/_rels/footnotes.xml.rels 4119 word/numbering.xml 20527 word/styles.xml 843 word/footnotes.xml 625 word/comments.xml … 7 more ── word/document.xml ── <w:body> <w:bookmarkStart w:id="20" w:name="comments-on-your-draft"/> <w:p> <w:pPr> <w:pStyle w:val="Heading1"/> </w:pPr> <w:r> <w:t xml:space="preserve">Comments on your draft</w:t> </w:r> </w:p> <w:p> <w:pPr> <w:pStyle w:val="FirstParagraph"/> …
- Rename it to
.zipand unzip it: it's a folder of XML files. - Text lives in
<w:t>, styling in<w:pPr>/<w:rPr>, scattered across many tags. - Readable in principle, but not something you edit or diff by hand.
turnout-paper/data/codebook.xlsx
Opened in a text editor
PK���������|C]�\��������������[Content_Types].xml���N�0��_��Z�N; ��t(t�����sI��K>����I��*�0�����dW���v�Hڻ��E��:�[�������-�6��= �luT�!�p'%��-���]V:�-�|����F�Qn��F*���T���7�=vp4�=L����h����8�j�!�� e]�\��R\�"'���:�*���J������S~��[d���#�쒓�o>��ޏ���+[��� [��6G����Ҁ�������[��_�$����E��?���w7�PK���������|C]�I��������������_rels/.rels����� ���W!�;��c��.�dW3��Y���%�:�^��x������U�ؙ=0DCN��(��S����\����M]]p�)'�h|d�⢀1%��<�����yty3P�2�1h��F�+�=����M���B�o�u/���4�F��ݢK?N|%�,��$`����t#�����+�z�~�PK��
Inside (it's a ZIP of XML files)
540 [Content_Types].xml 278 _rels/.rels 268 xl/workbook.xml 279 xl/_rels/workbook.xml.rels 1742 xl/worksheets/sheet1.xml ── xl/worksheets/sheet1.xml ── <sheetData> <row r="1"> <c r="A1" t="inlineStr"> <is> <t>file</t> </is> </c> <c r="B1" t="inlineStr"> <is> <t>variable</t> </is> </c> <c r="C1" t="inlineStr"> …
- Also a ZIP of XML: one file per worksheet.
- Each cell is a
<c r="A1">tag; formatting and formulas live alongside. - Export to
.csvwhen you want the data itself.
turnout-paper/talk.pptx
Opened in a text editor
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1269 ppt/slides/slide1.xml 1220 ppt/slides/slide2.xml 293 ppt/slides/_rels/slide1.xml.rels 293 ppt/slides/_rels/slide2.xml.rels 12012 ppt/slideMasters/slideMaster1.xml 1984 ppt/slideMasters/_rels/slideMaster1.xml.rels 3465 [Content_Types].xml 583 docProps/core.xml 212 docProps/custom.xml … 31 more ── ppt/slides/slide1.xml ── <a:pPr lvl="0" indent="0" marL="0"> <a:buNone/> </a:pPr> <a:r> <a:rPr/> <a:t>Timing and Turnout</a:t> </a:r> </a:p> </p:txBody> </p:sp> <p:sp> <p:nvSpPr> <p:cNvPr id="3" name="Content Placeholder 2"/> <p:cNvSpPr> <a:spLocks noGrp="1"/> </p:cNvSpPr> …
- A ZIP of XML: one file per slide, plus masters, themes and layouts.
- The words on the slide are buried deep inside shape and text-box tags.
Markdown → LaTeX → PDF
paper.md
---
title: "Timing and Turnout in Off-Cycle Governor Elections"
author: "CS 101 for Political Scientists"
---
# Introduction
Five American states elect their governors in
odd-numbered years. We ask whether this *timing*
changes **who shows up**.
Off-cycle elections lower turnout [@anzia2011election].
- `turnout.csv`: state-level governor elections
- `survey.dta`: a Stata survey
pandoc→
paper.tex (preamble omitted)
\title{Timing and Turnout in Off-Cycle
Governor Elections}
\author{CS 101 for Political Scientists}
\date{}
\begin{document}
\maketitle
\hypertarget{introduction}{%
\section{Introduction}\label{introduction}}
Five American states elect their governors
in odd-numbered years. We ask whether this
\emph{timing} changes \textbf{who shows up}.
Off-cycle elections lower turnout
\citep{anzia2011election}.
\begin{itemize}
\tightlist
\item
\texttt{turnout.csv}: state-level governor
elections
\item
\texttt{survey.dta}: a Stata survey
\end{itemize}
\bibliography{references.bib}
\end{document}
pdflatex
+ bibtex→
+ bibtex→
paper.pdf
R Markdown → Markdown → LaTeX → PDF
paper.rmd
---
title: "Timing and Turnout"
output: pdf_document
---
```{r setup, include=FALSE}
source("analysis/clean.R")
```
# Data
- `turnout.csv`: `r nrow(turnout)` elections
- `survey.dta`: `r nrow(survey)` respondents
# Results
Off-cycle turnout is
**`r sprintf("%.1f", turnout_gap)` points lower**.
```{r turnout-table, echo=FALSE}
knitr::kable(by_timing, digits = 1,
format = "latex", booktabs = TRUE)
```
knitr→
paper.md
---
title: "Timing and Turnout"
output: pdf_document
---
# Data
- `turnout.csv`: 39 elections
- `survey.dta`: 300 respondents
# Results
Off-cycle turnout is
**16.0 points lower**.
\begin{tabular}{lrrrr}
\toprule
gov\_timing & states & elections & mean\_turnout & sd\_turnout\\
\midrule
off-cycle & 5 & 15 & 36.3 & 6.9\\
on-cycle & 8 & 24 & 52.3 & 4.7\\
\bottomrule
\end{tabular}
pandoc→
paper.tex
\title{Timing and Turnout}
\author{}
\date{}
\begin{document}
\maketitle
\hypertarget{data}{%
\section{Data}\label{data}}
\begin{itemize}
\tightlist
\item
\texttt{turnout.csv}: 39 elections
\item
\texttt{survey.dta}: 300 respondents
\end{itemize}
\hypertarget{results}{%
\section{Results}\label{results}}
Off-cycle turnout is \textbf{16.0 points
lower}.
\begin{tabular}{lrrrr}
\toprule
gov\_timing & states & elections & mean\_turnout & sd\_turnout\\
\midrule
off-cycle & 5 & 15 & 36.3 & 6.9\\
on-cycle & 8 & 24 & 52.3 & 4.7\\
\bottomrule
\end{tabular}
\end{document}
pdflatex→
paper.pdf
Part 2
Collaboration & Long-Term Projects
PaperFinalFinalFinal3.docx
Git commands
Start
start tracking a folder
copy a project
say who you are
Record
what's going on?
what exactly changed?
pick what to save
save a snapshot
browse the history
undo unsaved edits
Share
upload your commits
get others' commits
Branch
move between versions
combine branches
- Turns the current folder into a Git repository by creating a hidden
.git/folder; the history will live there. - Nothing is saved yet. Run it once per project.
- Files matching
.gitignore(herebuild/, PDFs, caches) are never tracked: they can be regenerated.
From the demo
$ git init -b main
Initialized empty Git repository in ~/cs101-demo/alice/turnout-paper/.git/
- Downloads every file and every past version, and remembers where it came from (
origin). - This is how a coauthor joins: no emailing zip files.
From the demo
$ git clone https://github.com/alice/turnout-paper.git
Cloning into 'turnout-paper'...
done.
- Every commit is stamped with a name and email, so the history shows who changed what.
--globalsets it for all your projects; without it, just this one.
From the demo
$ git config user.name "Bob" $ git config user.email "[email protected]"
- Lists what changed since the last commit, and what is staged for the next one.
- When in doubt, run
git status: it usually tells you the next command too.
From the demo
$ git status
On branch main
No commits yet
Untracked files:
(use "git add <file>..." to include in what will be committed)
.gitignore
analysis/
data/
draft-from-advisor.docx
notes.txt
paper.rmd
references.bib
render.sh
talk.pptx
nothing added to commit but untracked files present (use "git add" to track)
- Shows changes line by line: - removed, + added.
- Works on any text file, including
.csvdata. For binary files it can only say Binary files differ.
From the demo
$ git diff diff --git a/paper.rmd b/paper.rmd index 34bcb22..b74e67c 100644 --- a/paper.rmd +++ b/paper.rmd @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ --- -title: "Timing and Turnout in Off-Cycle Governor Elections" +title: "Timing and Turnout: Evidence from Off-Cycle Governor Elections" author: "CS 101 for Political Scientists (demo paper)" date: "October 6, 2026" bibliography: references.bib $ git diff diff --git a/data/turnout.csv b/data/turnout.csv index 774a184..ed24559 100644 --- a/data/turnout.csv +++ b/data/turnout.csv @@ -38,3 +38,5 @@ "NV",2014,52.8 "NV",2018,52.6 "NV",2022,56.5 +"VA",2025,41.2 +"NJ",2025,39.0
- Moves changes to the staging area: a draft of the next commit.
git add .stages everything;git add paper.rmdjust one file.
From the demo
$ git add . $ git status On branch main No commits yet Changes to be committed: (use "git rm --cached <file>..." to unstage) new file: .gitignore new file: analysis/clean.R …
- Records the staged changes as a new version, with a message saying why.
- Each commit gets an ID like
7c6b9b2; you can always go back to it. git commit -am "…"stages and commits changed files in one go.
From the demo
$ git commit -am "Sharpen the title"
[main 20367f1] Sharpen the title
1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)
- Lists commits, newest first.
--graphdraws where lines of work split and joined.
From the demo
$ git log --oneline --graph
* e3c2e8d Try numbered citations
* aee74f0 Merge branch 'main' of https://github.com/alice/turnout-paper
|\
| * cf06f89 Reword opening sentence
* | 06e7ad8 Use 'gubernatorial' in the opening
|/
* 120826e Merge branch 'main' of https://github.com/alice/turnout-paper
|\
| * 20367f1 Sharpen the title
* | cedb6fe Add 2025 races
|/
* 7c6b9b2 First draft of the turnout paper
- Puts a file back the way it was in the last commit.
- Careful: uncommitted changes are gone for good. Committed work is always safe.
From the demo
$ echo "% scratch" >> notes.txt $ git restore notes.txt
- Sends your new commits to GitHub so coauthors can get them.
- Rejected if someone pushed first:
git pull, then push again. - The very first time:
git remote add origin <url>(orgh repo create).
From the demo
$ git push -u origin main To https://github.com/alice/turnout-paper.git * [new branch] main -> main branch 'main' set up to track 'origin/main'. $ git push To https://github.com/alice/turnout-paper.git ! [rejected] main -> main (fetch first) …
- Downloads new commits and merges them into yours.
- Different parts changed: merged automatically. Same lines changed: a conflict you resolve by hand, then
git add+git commit.
From the demo
$ git pull --no-edit From https://github.com/alice/turnout-paper 7c6b9b2..20367f1 main -> origin/main Merge made by the 'ort' strategy. paper.rmd | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) $ git pull --no-edit From https://github.com/alice/turnout-paper 120826e..cf06f89 main -> origin/main Auto-merging paper.rmd CONFLICT (content): Merge conflict in paper.rmd Automatic merge failed; fix conflicts and then commit the result. <<<<<<< HEAD Five U.S. states hold gubernatorial elections in odd-numbered years, away from federal election… ======= Five American states elect their governors in odd years, when no federal races are on the ballo… >>>>>>> cf06f89d65a296548c70c1e5f0325ae413cd94f3
git switch -c namestarts a branch: an experiment that doesn't touchmain.git switch maingoes back; your folder changes to match.- The Git answer to
PaperFinalCopy2.docx.
From the demo
$ git switch -c numbered-citations Switched to a new branch 'numbered-citations' $ git switch main Switched to branch 'main' Your branch is up to date with 'origin/main'.
- Brings another branch's commits into the current one.
- If
mainhasn't moved, Git just moves it forward (fast-forward); otherwise it makes a merge commit. git pullisgit fetch+git merge.
From the demo
$ git merge numbered-citations
Updating aee74f0..e3c2e8d
Fast-forward
paper.rmd | 1 +
1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)
One paper, two coauthors, one history
Part 3
AI in Your Research
Pitfalls and leverage points
Thank you
Questions?